http://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=MarieCeciliePedersen&feedformat=atomWiki-WindPRO - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T07:35:35ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.8http://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=15426EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2023-06-30T12:47:15Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:Iea loss nz site.png|thumb|400px|right|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend]]<br />
[[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model; it was first released in September 2022 with the availability of windPRO 3.6. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING is available [14], see further below for the download link. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
* The modelled icing results (IEA loss/class and meteorological icing hours) are downscaled to the terrain elevation height of the Copernicus DEM’s [15] for making icing maps.<br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be available from a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Usage Notes ==<br />
* '''Interested in the performance of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING modelling chain and a validation study?'''<br>A validation paper by Petersen et al is available. It was presented at the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures 2022:<br>''On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates.'' The paper is available as a [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-file] here.<br />
* '''Doing EMD-WRF OD ICING evaluations in very complex terrain/orography?'''<br>EMD-WRF OD ICING relies on a downscaling approach with coupled-modelling at both mesoscale (3km grid resolution) and microscale (30m grid resolution). However, when in complex terrain, these resolutions are not always fine enough to ensure sufficient modelling accuracy. If the differences between meso- and micro terrain elevations are large (some hundreds of meters), then caution is advised, and users should expect increased uncertainty in results. If you are an EMD-WRF OD ICING user, feel free to contact the modelling team through the windPRO support hotline for further guidance and recommendations (support@emd.dk).<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (two credits are worth one month of mesoscale icing data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
'''windPRO 3.6 Sample File and Reports'''<br><br />
If you are a windPRO 3.6 user and interested in seeing a sample icing-calculation with reports, data-sheets (excel) and downscaled maps, then we have the Stor Rotliden sample available for download:<br />
* windPRO 3.6 export file - [https://help.emd.dk/knowledgebase/content/Files/StorRotliden_Public_Icing_20221108.w36e here].<br>Just download, inspect the downscaled icing maps (result-layers) and find the icing pdf-reports within the meteo-object (see the .mesores tab).<br />
* pdf-sample report - 100m hub height - [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/0/02/EmdWrf_N64.222_E018.358_IcingReport.100.pdf here]. (More heights in the windPRO project file)<br />
* time series data - excel - 100m hub height -[https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/7/7f/EmdWrf_N64.222_E018.358_IcingResults.100.xlsx here] (More heights in the windPRO project file)<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|7-10 days from end of last month<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in windPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.<br />
# M.C. Pedersen, T. Ahsbahs, W. Langreder, M.L. Thøgersen: On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates, Proceedings – Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS 2022 - Montreal, Canada, June 19-23 ([https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-here])<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=Copernicus_DEM. [Accessed 09 August 2022].</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Iea_loss_nz_site.png&diff=15425File:Iea loss nz site.png2023-06-30T12:45:10Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Changing figure to match windPRO 4.0 white background</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14537EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-08-09T13:08:29Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:map_loss_new.png|thumb|400px|right|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING is available [14], see further below for the download link. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
* The modelled icing results (IEA loss/class and meteorological icing hours) are downscaled to the terrain elevation height of the Copernicus DEM’s [15] for making icing maps.<br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Usage Notes ==<br />
'''Interested in the performance of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING modelling chain and a validation study?<br>'''<br />
A validation paper by Petersen et al is availble. It was presented at the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures 2022:<br><br />
''On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates.'' The paper is availabe as a [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-file] here.<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.<br />
# M.C. Pedersen, T. Ahsbahs, W. Langreder, M.L. Thøgersen: On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates, Proceedings – Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS 2022 - Montreal, Canada, June 19-23 ([https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-here])<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=Copernicus_DEM. [Accessed 09 August 2022].</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Map_loss_new.png&diff=14536File:Map loss new.png2022-08-09T13:04:30Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>MsUpload</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14535EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-08-09T13:01:52Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING is available [14], see further below for the download link. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
* The modelled icing results (IEA loss/class and meteorological icing hours) are downscaled to the terrain elevation height of the Copernicus DEM’s [15] for making icing maps.<br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Usage Notes ==<br />
'''Interested in the performance of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING modelling chain and a validation study?<br>'''<br />
A validation paper by Petersen et al is availble. It was presented at the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures 2022:<br><br />
''On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates.'' The paper is availabe as a [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-file] here.<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.<br />
# M.C. Pedersen, T. Ahsbahs, W. Langreder, M.L. Thøgersen: On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates, Proceedings – Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS 2022 - Montreal, Canada, June 19-23 ([https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-here])<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=Copernicus_DEM. [Accessed 09 August 2022].</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:MAP_ICING.png&diff=14534File:MAP ICING.png2022-08-09T12:56:37Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:map_loss.png|400px]]</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:Map_loss.png&diff=14533File:Map loss.png2022-08-09T12:56:14Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: MsUpload</p>
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<div>MsUpload</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:MAP_ICING.png&diff=14532File:MAP ICING.png2022-08-09T12:51:03Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: MarieCeciliePedersen uploaded a new version of &quot;File:MAP ICING.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14531EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-08-09T12:42:09Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING is available [14], see further below for the download link. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
* The modelled icing results (IEA loss/class and meteorological icing hours) are downscaled to the terrain elevation height of the Copernicus DEM’s [15] for making icing maps.<br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Usage Notes ==<br />
'''Interested in the performance of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING modelling chain and a validation study?<br>'''<br />
A validation paper by Petersen et al is availble. It was presented at the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures 2022:<br><br />
''On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates.'' The paper is availabe as a [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-file] here.<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.<br />
# M.C. Pedersen, T. Ahsbahs, W. Langreder, M.L. Thøgersen: On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates, Proceedings – Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS 2022 - Montreal, Canada, June 19-23 ([https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-here])<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=Copernicus_DEM. [Accessed 09 August 2022].</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14530EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-08-09T12:41:28Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING is available [14], see further below for the download link. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
* The modelled icing results (IEA loss/class and meteorological icing hours) are downscaled to the terrain elevation height of the Copernicus DEM’s for making icing maps.<br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Usage Notes ==<br />
'''Interested in the performance of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING modelling chain and a validation study?<br>'''<br />
A validation paper by Petersen et al is availble. It was presented at the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures 2022:<br><br />
''On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates.'' The paper is availabe as a [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-file] here.<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.<br />
# M.C. Pedersen, T. Ahsbahs, W. Langreder, M.L. Thøgersen: On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates, Proceedings – Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS 2022 - Montreal, Canada, June 19-23 ([https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-here])<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=Copernicus_DEM. [Accessed 09 August 2022].</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14529EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-08-09T12:38:11Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING is available [14], see further below for the download link. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
* The modelled icing results (IEA loss/class and meteorological icing hours) are downscaled to the terrain elevation height of the Copernicus DEM’s for making icing maps.<br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Usage Notes ==<br />
'''Interested in the performance of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING modelling chain and a validation study?<br>'''<br />
A validation paper by Petersen et al is availble. It was presented at the International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures 2022:<br><br />
''On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates.'' The paper is availabe as a [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-file] here.<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.<br />
# M.C. Pedersen, T. Ahsbahs, W. Langreder, M.L. Thøgersen: On the Modelling Chain for Production Loss Assessment for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates, Proceedings – Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, IWAIS 2022 - Montreal, Canada, June 19-23 ([https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/images/b/b3/Pedersen_OnModellingChainForProductionLossAssessmentWindTurbinesInColdClimates_2022.pdf pdf-here])</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14431EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-06-29T06:53:33Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14421EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-06-01T07:24:58Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14245EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:50:46Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
NB: for the northern hemisphere, one season is defined from August 1st to June 1st the year after.<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14244EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:50:32Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
<small>NB: for the northern hemisphere, one season is defined from August 1st to June 1st the year after.<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14243EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:50:18Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
<small>NB: for the northern hemisphere, one season is defined from August 1st to June 1st the year after.<small><br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14242EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:49:02Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
<small> NB: for the northern hemisphere, one season is defined from August 1st to June 1st the year after.<small><br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14241EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:47:55Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
NB: for the northern hemisphere, one season is defined from August 1st to June 1st the year after.<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14240EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:46:10Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. <br />
Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
<br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br><br />
NB: one season is defined from August 1st to June 1st the year after.<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14239EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:40:49Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14238EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T09:39:41Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|u*<br />
|m/s<br />
|U-star (friction velocity)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|swdDir.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDni.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Direct normal shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|swdDif.s<br />
|W/m^2<br />
|Diffusive shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14232EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-05T07:22:25Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* What you get and how to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 seasons will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14231EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:23:49Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14230EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:20:30Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see Table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14229EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:19:17Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [13] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14228EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:18:51Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14227EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:17:55Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. Finstad, E. Lozowski and L. Makkonen, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14226EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:16:59Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021.<br />
# L. Makkonen, "Modelling of Ice Accretion on Wires," Climate Appl. Meteor., vol. 23, pp. 929-939, 1984.</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14225EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:15:27Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14224EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:14:47Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14223EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:13:46Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING dataset. Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters; iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x.<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14222EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:12:19Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for EMD-WRF OD ICING == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING Dataset (3 km grid). Including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters (iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14221EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:11:28Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of the EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING Dataset (3 km grid) including raw WRF data and modelled icing parameters (iceInten.x, MIce.x, MeteoSignal.x, InstruSignal.x, MVD.x, LWC.x).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14220EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:09:22Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14219EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:08:35Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m^2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Data below are modelled ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14218EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:08:04Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Data below are modelled ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14217EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:05:19Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Data below are modelled ice model output parameters.'''<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14216EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T13:03:26Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|Data below are modelled ice model output parameters.<br />
|-<br />
|iceInten.x<br />
|g/h<br />
|Ice accretion rate (intensity) [8][9] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MIce.x<br />
|kg<br />
|Ice load on a standard cylinder [14] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MeteoSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Meteorological icing, iceInten.x > 10g/h [9]<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|InstruSignal.x<br />
|<br />
|Instrumental Icing, MIce.x > 10g [11] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|MVD.x<br />
|m<br />
|Median Volume Diameter [6] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|LWC.x<br />
|kg/m^3<br />
|Liquid Water Content [10] <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14215EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T12:53:41Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|Data below are modelled ice model output parameters.<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14214EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T12:42:48Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br><br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.2<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at height 2m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudBottom<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the bottom of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudTop<br />
|m<br />
|Distance from ground level to the top of cloud<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are modelled from EMD's Icing Model.<small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14213EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T12:36:57Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below. <br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.x<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF On-Demand data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud water content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.x<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Cloud ice content<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|press.x<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|rh.x<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14212EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-04T10:55:23Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below. <br />
Unless other specification, x is the vertical heights of: 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind direction<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF On-Demand data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14211EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-01T13:10:42Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* How to order? */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What you get and how to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights for EMD-WRF OD (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br>Heights for EMD-WRF Custom Area (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m, 4000m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights for EMD-WRF OD (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br>Heights for EMD-WRF Custom Area (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m, 4000m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF On-Demand data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=14210Main Page2022-04-01T13:06:23Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Windpro_v2_rgb.png|right|150px]] <br />
This windPRO-Wiki currently contains a description of all the online-datasets that are available directly from within windPRO. This wiki seeks to describe the remote sensing data and other data available for download or which can be accessed from windPRO. Since more online-datasets become available in-between windPRO releases, then [http://www.emd.dk EMD] has decided to release the online dataset documentation in a dynamic wiki-format. This enables a more dynamic (and frequent) update of the associated datasets and their documentation. This page describes the datasets available within windPRO 3.5. <br />
We welcome suggestions for new datasets to integrate with windPRO: Please submit any proposals at [https://tinyurl.com/new-windpro-dataset this feedback form]. <br />
<br />
== [[:Category:Online Data|WindPRO Documentation on Online Data]] ==<br />
In the table below, you can find the complete list of online services and datasets available from within WindPRO. Please consult the individual dataset-descriptions for information on update frequencies, coverage and resolutions. <br />
{| cellpadding="5"<br />
! width=350px |<br />
! width=350px |<br />
! width=350px |<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|'''[[:Category:Digital Elevation Models|Global & Regional Digital Elevation Models (DEM)]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Global_AW3D30|ALOS World 3D 30m mesh (AW3D30)]]<br />
* [[Copernicus_DEM|Copernicus DEM]]<br />
* [[EU-DEM|European Elevation Model (EU-DEM)]]<br />
* [[NASA-DEM|NASADEM (successor of SRTM)]]<br />
* [[Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission|Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)]]<br />
* [[Viewfinder_Panoramas|Viewfinder Panoramas DEM]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Digital Elevation Models|National Digital Elevation Models (DEM)]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Austrian_Elevation_Model|Austrian Elevation Model (DGM)]]<br />
* [[Australian_Elevation_Models|Australian Elevation Models]]<br />
* [[Belgium-Flemish_Elevation_Models|Belgium Flemish Elevation Model (DTM)]]<br />
* [[Belgium-Walloon_Elevation_Models|Belgium Walloon Elevation Models (MNT)]]<br />
* [[Danish_Elevation_Model|Danish Elevation Model (Danmarks Højdemodel)]]<br />
* [[Estonian_Elevation_Models|Estonian Elevation Models]]<br />
* [[Finnish Elevation Model|Finnish Elevation Model]]<br />
* [[French_Elevation_Models|French Elevation Models]]<br />
* [[German_DGM_datasets|German Elevation Models (DGM)]]<br />
* [[Italian_Elevation_Model_-_TINITALY|Italian Nationwide Model (TINITALY)]]<br />
* [[Italy-Sardinia_Elevation_Model|Italian-Sardinia Elevation Model]]<br />
* [[Italy-Tuscany_Elevation_Model|Italian-Tuscany Elevation Model]]<br />
* [[Latvian_Elevation_Model|Latvian Elevation Model]]<br />
* [[Luxembourg_Elevation_Model|Luxembourg Elevation Model (BD-L-MNT5)]]<br />
* [[Netherlands_Elevation_Models|Netherlands Elevation Models (AHN2/AHN3)]]<br />
* [[Norwegian_Elevation_Models|Norwegian Digital Elevation Models (DTM/DOM)]]<br />
* [[Slovenia_Elevation_Model|Slovenia Elevation Model]]<br />
* [[Spanish_Elevation_Models|Spanish Elevation Models (MTD)]]<br />
* [[Swedish_Elevation_Model|Swedish Elevation Model (GSD)]]<br />
* [[Switzerland_Elevation_Model|Switzerland Elevation Model (DGM)]]<br />
* [[United_Kingdom_Elevation_Datasets|United Kingdom Elevation Datasets]]<br />
* [[National_Elevation_Dataset|US National Elevation Dataset (NED)]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Digital_Roughness_Data|Digital Roughness Models (DRM)]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Copernicus_Global_Land_Service_-_Land_Cover_100m|Copernicus Global Land Service, Land Cover 100]]<br />
* [[Corine_Land_Cover|Corine Land Cover (2006, 2012 and 2018)]]<br />
* [[Data_For_Wind|European Data For Wind]]<br />
* [[Global_Land_Cover_Characteristics|Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC)]]<br />
* [[Glob_Cover|GlobCover]]<br />
* [[MODIS_VCF|MODIS VCF]]<br />
* [[National_Land_Cover_Database_2011|US National Land Cover Database 2011]]<br />
|'''[[:Category:Atlas_Data|Atlas Datasets]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[GASP_Global|Global Atlas of Siting Parameters (GASP)]]<br />
* [[RASP_Sweden|Regional Atlas of Siting Parameters - Sweden]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Wind Data|Wind Data]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Blended_Coastal_Winds|Blended Coastal Winds]]<br />
* [[CFS-_and_CFSR_Data|CFS- and CFSR Data]]<br />
* [[Danish Windindex Data]]<br />
* [[ERA-Interim|EMD-Global Wind Data (based on ERA-Interim)]]<br />
* [[ERA5_Gaussian_Grid|ERA5 Gaussian Grid]]<br />
* [[ERA5(T)_Rectangular_Grid|ERA5(T) Rectangular Grid]]<br />
* [[KNMI_North_Sea_Wind_(KNMI-KNW)|KNMI-KNW North Sea Wind]]<br />
* [[MERRA_Data|MERRA Data]]<br />
* [[MERRA2_Data|MERRA-2 Data]]<br />
* [[METAR_Data|METAR Data]]<br />
* [[NCEP_/_NCAR_Global_Reanalysis_Data|NCEP/NCAR Global Reanalysis Data]]<br />
* [[New_European_Wind_Atlas_(NEWA)|NEWA: New European Wind Atlas]]<br />
* [[NCEP_North_American_Regional_Reanalysis_Data|North American Regional Reanalysis Data]]<br />
* [[QuikScat|QuikScat Offshore Wind Dataset]]<br />
* [[SYNOP_Data|SYNOP Data]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Wind Data|EMD-WRF Mesoscale Wind Data]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[EMD-WRF_Europe%2B|Europe]]: EMD-WRF Europe+ (ERA5)<br />
* [[EMD-ConWx_Meso_Data_Europe|Europe]]: EMD-ConWx Europe (ERA-Interim)<br />
* [[EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area|Custom Area]]: EMD-WRF Custom-Area<br />
* [[EMD-WRF Middle East|Middle East]]: EMD-WRF Middle East Meso Data<br />
* [[EMD-WRF_South_Korea_(ERA5)|South Korea]]: EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA5)<br />
* [[EMD-WRF South Korea|South Korea]]: EMD-WRF South Korea, ERA-Interim<br />
* [[EMD-WRF South Africa|South Africa]]: EMD-WRF South Africa Meso Data<br />
* [[EMD-WRF India|India]]: EMD-WRF India Meso Data<br />
* [[EMD-WRF Indonesia|Indonesia]]: EMD-WRF Indonesia Meso Data<br />
* [[EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area|On Demand]]: EMD-WRF Global Meso On-Demand<br />
* [[EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING|On Demand ICING]]: EMD-WRF OD ICING<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Solar Data|Solar Irradiance Data]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Heliosat_(SARAH)|Heliosat (SARAH)]] <br />
* [[Heliosat_(SARAH)_East|Heliosat (SARAH) East]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Existing_Turbines|Databases on Turbines]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Danish_Wind_Turbines|Danish Turbines (makes, positions, productions)]]<br />
* [[Finnish_Wind_Turbines|Finnish Turbines (positions)]]<br />
* [[DE_Wind_Turbines_MaStR|German MaStR Turbines (types, positions)]]<br />
* [[OSM_Turbines|Open Streep Map Turbines (positions only)]]<br />
* [[US_Wind_Turbines|Turbines in the United States]]<br />
* [[WTG_Catalogue|WindPRO Wind Turbine Catalogue]]<br />
|'''[[:Category:Maps|Digital Map Data - Orthophotos]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Danish_Orthophoto_Mosaic|Danish Orthophoto Mosaic]]<br />
* [[French_Orthophoto_Mosaic|French Orthophoto Mosaic]]<br />
* [[Finnish_Orthophoto_Mosaic|Finnish Orthophoto Mosaic]]<br />
* [[Latvian_Orthophoto_Mosaic|Latvian Orthophoto Mosaic]]<br />
* [[Spanish_Orthophoto_Mosaic|Spanish Orthophoto Mosaic]]<br />
* [[GeoCover_Images|GeoCover Images]]<br />
* [[WindPRO_Global_Satellite_Imagery|windPRO Global Satellite Imagery - 10m]]<br />
* [[WindPRO_European_Satellite_Imagery|windPRO European Satellite Imagery - 2.5m]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Maps|Digital Map Data - Topographic Maps]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[UK-Great_Britain%3A_OS_Open_Maps|British Ordnance Survey OpenData]]<br />
* [[Estonian_Topographic_Map|Estonian Topographic Map]]<br />
* [[German Topographic Maps]]<br />
* [[French_Raster_Map|French Raster Map]]<br />
* [[Finnish_Topographic_Map|Finnish Topographic Map]]<br />
* [[Latvian_Topographic_Map|Latvian Topographic Map]]<br />
* [[Norwegian_Topographic_Map|Norwegian Topographic Map]]<br />
* [[Spanish_Topographic_Map|Spanish Topographic Map]]<br />
* [[Swedish_Topographic_Map|Swedish Topographic Map]]<br />
* [[Open_Street_Map|Open Street Map]]<br />
* [[OnMaps|OnMaps]]<br><br><br />
'''[[:Category:Forest_Maps|Forest Maps (Canopy/Tree Heights)]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[Danish_KU_Forest_Heights|Danish KU Forest Map]]<br />
* [[Estonian_Canopy_Heights|Estonian Forest Map]]<br />
* [[Finnish_LUKE_Forest_Map|Finnish LUKE Forest Map]]<br />
* [[Near-Global_Forest_Canopy_Heights_GLAD|Near-Global Forest Canopy Heights GLAD]]<br />
* [[Latvian_Canopy_Heights|Latvian Canopy Heights]]<br />
* [[Norwegian_SR16_Forest_Heights|Norwegian SR16 Forest Map]]<br />
* [[Swedish_SLU_Forest_Map|Swedish SLU Forest Map]]<br />
<br />
<br><br />
'''[[:Category:Bathymetry_Models|Digital Bathymetry Models (DBM), Water Depths]]'''<br><hr><br />
* [[EMODnet_Bathymetry|European Bathymetry - EMODnet - 2020, 2018 & 2016]]<br />
* [[Global_Bathymetry_GEBCO|Global Bathymetry - GEBCO - 2021, 2019 & 2014]]<br />
<br><br />
<span style="color:#FF4D00">'''Other Maps, Tools and Data Sources'''</span><br><hr><br />
* [[Commercial_DEM_Providers|3rd Party Commercial DEM Providers]]<br />
* [[Aster_Global_Digital_Elevation_Model|Aster Global Elevation Model (Aster GDEM)]]<br />
* [[CGIAR_SRTM_90m_Digital_Elevation_Data|CGIAR 90m Digital Elevation Data.]]<br />
* [[WindSight_-_Premium_Data_Layers_by_DHI_GRAS|WindSight - Premium Data Layers by DHI GRAS]]<br />
* [[Dynamic_maps|Dynamic maps]]<br />
* [[Google_Earth_Export|Export of WindPRO data into Google Earth]]<br />
* [[ÜSTÜN_windPROSPER_maps|ÜSTÜN windPROSPER maps]]<br />
* [[Web_Map_Service|Web Map Service (WMS)]]<br />
* [[MERIT_DEM|MERIT-DEM - Digital Elevation Model - 90m]]<br />
|}</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14209EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-01T13:01:38Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|400px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|400px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|400px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|400px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|400px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== How to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights for EMD-WRF OD (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br>Heights for EMD-WRF Custom Area (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m, 4000m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights for EMD-WRF OD (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br>Heights for EMD-WRF Custom Area (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m, 4000m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF On-Demand data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_ICING&diff=14208EMD-WRF On-Demand ICING2022-04-01T13:00:07Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:IcingPicture.png|thumb|350px|right|Example of a cold-climate wind farm.]][[File:MAP_ICING.png|thumb|right|350px|Icing Map in windPRO with IEA Loss Percentage AEP as Legend.]][[Image:MastWithSensor.png|thumb|right|350px|Heated cup anemometer at iced mast.]][[File:histograms.png|thumb|right|350px|Histograms during meteorological icing (example results from report).]][[File:seasonal.png|thumb|right|350px|Seasonal variation of modelled instrumental and meteorological icing (example results from report).]]<br />
'''NOTE: <br>This dataset and service is currently being integrated with windPRO 3.6 (beta). <br>Please contact our technical specialist Marie Cecilie Pedersen (mcp@emd.dk) for more information and schedule. <br>We will be attending winterwind 2022 in Skellefteå, Sweden, so you are also welcome to meet with us at that event.'''<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
EMD-WRF OD ICING is the name of EMD’s icing model. It is available as a time-series product, similar to the well known [https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area EMD-WRF OD service]. The model is fully validated: A technical note with results from from recent validation study on EMD-WRF OD ICING will be available on request - and after the WinterWind 2022 and IWAIS 2022 conferences in spring 2022. <br />
<br />
The EMD-WRF OD ICING model is configured with the following setup:<br />
* Driven by an icing configuration of the standard EMD WRF [1] On-Demand service [2]. <br />
* Run with a spatial resolution of 3x3 km and an hourly temporal resolution.<br />
* Using the ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF as global boundary data [3], see table 2 below.<br />
* Microphysics from Thompson scheme is used for parameterization of the cloud physics and the MYJ scheme for the planetary boundary layer physics [4], [5]. <br />
* The median volume diameter (MVD) by [6] is used, with a constant droplet concentration (Nc) of (default) 100 cm-3 and the liquid water content (LWC) in kg/m3 [7].<br />
* Atmospheric data feeds into the standard cylinder-based model [8], [9] including melting and shedding [10]. <br />
* The WRF grid point (latitude, longitude) closest to the at mast location or site location is used as a default. <br />
* The grid point holds a certain elevation above sea level and icing is modelled as a default for 15 heights in the vertical direction above ground level (agl.). <br />
* The modelled ice load (kg) is used to identify hours of instrumental icing based on the industry standard thresholds of 10 g [11]. And similar from the modelled ice accretion rate (g/h), hours of meteorological icing [12] is found using the threshold of 10 g/h [9]. <br />
<br />
The final step of EMD’s modelling chain, is an estimate of the expected production loss of a site which is found by using the IEA Ice Classification system seen in Table 1 below. A wide range of climate parameters will be availabe form a model-run; the complete list of parameters are seen in the Table 2 further below. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 1: IEA Task 19 Ice Classes: Production Loss Estimate as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Production. From [12].''<br />
! IEA<br>Ice-Class<br />
! Meteorological Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Instrumental Icing<br>(% of year)<br />
! Production loss<br>(% of AEP)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|> 10.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|> 20.0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|5.0 - 10.0<br />
|10.0 - 30.0<br />
|10.0 - 25.0<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3.0 - 5.0<br />
|6.0 - 15.0<br />
|3.0 - 12.0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|0.5 - 3.0<br />
|1.0 - 9.0<br />
|0.5 - 5.0<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|< 1.5 <br />
|0.0 - 0.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== How to order? ==<br />
To get pointwise-timeseries data, you need meso-credits (one credit is worth one month of data). Credits can be ordered here: http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/<br />
Please note, that a time period of 10 years will include the complete icing analysis, whereas shorter time periods include only raw timeseries. Complete icing analysis includes: <br />
* Icing reports as pdfs at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** Including predicted AEP loss<br />
* Icing maps at three hub-heights - 100m, 150m and 200m <br />
** IEA ice class, IEA Ice loss (% AEP) and modelled meteorological icing (icing rate > 10 g/h)<br />
* The possibility to use your icing results and timeseries directly in your windPRO project <br />
* Monthly, yearly and seasonal icing analysis and bin-sector analysis as csv-files<br />
* Timeseries of raw WRF data and modelled icing<br />
<br />
== Data Availability ==<br />
All EMD-WRF OD ICING is available with global spatial coverage. The temporal availability and update frequency depends on a number of factors such as availability from the boundary data providers, bandwidth and download times, as well as availability on EMD high-performance computing and storage systems. EMD-WRF OD ICING is availability with the ERA5 only, see table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|''Table 2: Data Source for the EMD-WRF OD Icing Configuration''<br />
! Dataset<br />
! First date<br />
! Most recent date <br />
|-<br />
|EMD-WRF OD (ERA5)<br />
|1999.01.01<br />
|2-3 months from present day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Set of Standard Dataset Parameters for Icing == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in each On-Demand ICING dataset is shown in the list below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table 3: Overview of Standard EMD-WRF On-Demand Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights for EMD-WRF OD (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br>Heights for EMD-WRF Custom Area (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m, 4000m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights for EMD-WRF OD (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br>Heights for EMD-WRF Custom Area (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, 1000m, 4000m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF On-Demand data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. G. D. O. Dudhia, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers, “A description of the advanced research WRF version 2,” NCAR Technical Note, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 20005.<br />
# M. L. Thøgersen, “help.emd.dk,” EMD International A/S, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area. [Accessed 30 November 2021].<br />
# ECMWF, “Advancing global NWP through international collaboration,” ECMWF, [Online]. Available: https://www.ecmwf.int/. [Accessed 23 March 2022].<br />
# G. Thompson, P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen and W. D. Hall, “Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization,” American Meteorological Society, vol. 136, no. Monthly Weather review, pp. 5095-5115, 2008. <br />
# Z. I. Janjic, “Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model,” National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Washington, 2001.<br />
# K. FINSTAD, E. LOZOWSKI and L. MAKKONEN, “On the median volume diameter approximation for droplet collision efficiency,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 4008-4012, 1988.<br />
# G. Thompson, B. E. Nygaard, L. Makkonen and S. Dierer, “Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to predict ground/structural icing,” in International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), 2009. <br />
# L. Makkonen, "Models for the Growth of Rime Glaze Icicles and Wet Snow on Structures," Royal Society, vol. 1776, no. Ice and Snow Accretion on Structures, pp. 2913 - 2939, 2000. <br />
# ISO, "DS/ISO 12494:2017 Atmospheric icing on structures," Danish Standard Association, København, 2017.<br />
# K. Harstveit, “Using Metar-data to Calculate In-cloud Icing on a Mountain Site Near by the airport,” in 13th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing on Structures (IWAIS), Andermat, Switzerland, 2009. <br />
# K. Hämäläinen and S. Niemelä, “Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland,” Wind Energy, vol. 20, pp. 171-189, 2017. <br />
# I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Durstewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Ronsten, L. Tallhaug and T. Wallenius, "13 Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climate 1st edition," IEA Wind Task 19, 2011.<br />
# S. Söderberg, G. Rossitto, A. Derrick, M. Zhu and L. Gilbert, “Modelled icing losses with WICE: A blind test in France,” in Winterwind 2021, online, 2021 .</div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_Indonesia&diff=12876EMD-WRF Indonesia2021-02-09T11:54:48Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Dataset Parameters */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[Image:Indonesia100m.jpg|500px|right|thumb|Illustration of the Data Coverage of the EMD-WRF Indonesia Dataset]]<br />
<br />
== Introduction and Model Domain ==<br />
<br />
This mesoscale wind resource map is available for public use. The map was developed in 2014-2017 by EMD International A/S, Denmark, and financed by the Environmental Support Programe (ESP3)/ Danida. The project was implemented for The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia, and ESP3. The applied mesoscale model is WRF (Weather and Research Forecast Model) with a spatial resolution of 0.029° (ca. 3 km) and driven by Era-Interim global data from the period 2004-2015.<br />
The datasheet available can be found ([[Media:EMD-WRF Indonesia.pdf|here]]).<br><br />
<br />
== Data Access ==<br />
<br />
You can access the time-series data directly from within windPRO or thorough our web-based windPROSPECTING portal at http://indonesia.windprospecting.com.<br><br />
<br />
== Dataset Parameters == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in the EMD-WRF Indonesia dataset that are available from within WindPRO are shown in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table: Overview of EMD-WRF Indonesia Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF Indonesia data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <ref name="rmol">It is still being investigated whether this inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length can be used for stability clasification''.</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100 <br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<ref name="ice">CloudWater and cloudIcing values are extracted directly from the WRF meso-scale model and are normal output parameters of the same run as the other parameters (wind, temperature etc.). They are controlled by the WRF microphysics scheme for which Ferrier was used. For further information, please access the numerous internet resources about WRF use. EMD has not done any validation on the parameters, so they are provided as is.</ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing. <ref name="ice"> </ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
<references /></div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_India&diff=12875EMD-WRF India2021-02-09T11:54:14Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Dataset Parameters */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[Image:EmdWrf_India2_2000-2014_100m.png|500px|right|thumb|Illustration of the Data Coverage of the EMD-WRF India Dataset]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Introduction and Model Domain ==<br />
EMD-WRF India is a high resolution mesoscale dataset modelled and provided by EMD International A/S. <br />
The dataset covers major part of India, all of Sri Lanka and parts of Pakistan. The model domain for EMD-WRF India is shown in the figure to the right.<br />
<br />
Please Note: <br />
* This dataset is no longer updated; last available data is august 2019. <br />
* It is feely available to windPRO users with an active service subscription (see below).<br />
* If you need updated mesoscale data from within this region, please consider the [[EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area|EMD-WRF On-Demand Service]]<br />
<br />
== Dataset Description ==<br />
The mesoscale model is run at a spatial resolution of 0.029°x0.029°, approximately 3x3 km, and with hourly temporal resolution. ERA Interim data from ECMWF (http://www.ecmwf.int) is the global boundary data. The timespan of the data is back to 1994 and up until the latest available boundary data (see below for the Release Schedule).<br />
Data access is via WindPRO’s user friendly interface to on-line data.<br />
<br />
== Release Schedule == <br />
This dataset is not updated anymore, as its source data (the ERA-Interim data) is no longer available. The dataset used to recieve monthly updates, with approximately 3 months delay defined by ERA Interim's availability and computational efforts regarding EMD's high-performance computer clusters.<br />
<br />
== Usage Note: The EMD-WRF India (ERA-Interim) dataset is discontinued from ultimo 2019==<br />
2020-02-20: The last month with ERA-Interim data was august 2019 as ECMWF has discontinued this dataset and has replaced it with the [[ERA5_Gaussian_Grid|ERA5 Data]]. EMD has ceased to update the EMD-WRF India (ERA-Interim) dataset as the source data is no longer available.<br />
<br />
== Validation ==<br />
The model-setup has been validated through various internal investigations on masts spatially distributed in the modelling area. <br>The findings (the correlations) are summarized in the product datasheet available ([https://www.emd.dk/windpro/mesoscale-data/subscribe/emd-wrf-india-mesoscale-data/ here]).<br><br />
In addition, the EMD-WRF modelling setup has been evaluated in a number of external benchmarks. <br> We have a separate [[EMD-WRF Benchmarks|EMD-WRF Benchmark Wiki-Page]] that holds links to those investigations.<br />
<br />
== Required modules/licenses ==<br />
To access the EMD-ConWx meso-scale data the following licenses/modules are required in your WindPRO setup:<br />
* Basis<br />
* METEO<br />
<br />
If you are holding an active windPRO service subscription and the modules above, then, when the license fee is paid, you have access to the full dataset without further cost. The price is available from the [http://www.emd.dk/windpro/price-list/data-sets/ price-list on the EMD-homepage]. Downloading of data is unrestricted for licenced users, however, a "fair use" policy applies. Unlicenced users may download three months of data from any point, however, multiple downloads are not allowed from the same point.<br />
<br />
Visit [http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/ EMD online ordering] to purchase the needed licences.<br />
<br />
== Dataset Parameters == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in the EMD-WRF India dataset that are available from within WindPRO are shown in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table: Overview of EMD-WRF India Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF India data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <ref name="rmol">It is still being investigated whether this inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length can be used for stability clasification''.</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100 <br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<ref name="ice">CloudWater and cloudIcing values are extracted directly from the WRF meso-scale model and are normal output parameters of the same run as the other parameters (wind, temperature etc.). They are controlled by the WRF microphysics scheme for which Ferrier was used. For further information, please access the numerous internet resources about WRF use. EMD has not done any validation on the parameters, so they are provided as is.</ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing. <ref name="ice"> </ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Attribution ==<br />
If data from this dataset is used within any private or public disseminations, then EMD and its data providers must be acknowledged. <br />
<pre><br />
Source: <br />
EMD-WRF India - Copyright (C) - EMD International A/S, 2019. Distribution through EMD and windPRO.<br />
This dataset uses ERA-Iterim which is being developed through the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). <br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
<references /></div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_South_Africa&diff=12874EMD-WRF South Africa2021-02-09T11:53:42Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Dataset Parameters */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[Image:SouthAfrica100mWinds.png|500px|right|thumb|Illustration of the Data Coverage of the EMD-WRF South Africa Dataset]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Introduction and Model Domain ==<br />
EMD-WRF South Africa is a high resolution mesoscale dataset modelled and provided by EMD International A/S. <br />
The dataset covers South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho as well as part of Namibia and Botswana. The model domain for EMD-WRF South Africa is shown in the figure to the right.<br />
<br />
Please Note: <br />
* This dataset is no longer updated; last available data is august 2019. <br />
* It is feely available to windPRO users with an active service subscription (see below).<br />
* If you need updated mesoscale data from within this region, please consider the [[EMD-WRF_On-Demand_and_Custom-Area|EMD-WRF On-Demand Service]]<br />
<br />
== Dataset Description ==<br />
The mesoscale model is run at a spatial resolution of 0.029°x0.029°, approximately 3x3 km, and with hourly temporal resolution. ERA Interim data from ECMWF (http://www.ecmwf.int) is the global boundary data. The timespan of the data is back to 1994 and up until the latest available boundary data (see below for the Release Schedule).<br />
Data access is via WindPRO’s user friendly interface to the on-line data.<br />
<br />
== Release Schedule == <br />
This dataset is not updated anymore, as its source data (the ERA-Interim data) is no longer available. The dataset used to recieve monthly updates, with approximately 3 months delay defined by ERA Interim's availability and computational efforts regarding EMD's high-performance computer clusters.<br />
<br />
== Usage Note: The EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA-Interim) dataset is discontinued from ultimo 2019==<br />
2020-02-20: The last month with ERA-Interim data was august 2019 as ECMWF has discontinued this dataset and has replaced it with the [[ERA5_Gaussian_Grid|ERA5 Data]]. EMD has ceased to update the EMD-WRF South Africa (ERA-Interim) dataset as the source data is no longer available.<br />
<br />
== Validation ==<br />
The model-setup has been validated through various internal investigations on masts spatially distributed in the modelling area. <br>The findings (the correlations) are summarized in the datasheet available ([[Media:EMD-WRF_SouthAfrica-ProductSheet.pdf|here]]).<br><br />
In addition, the EMD-WRF modelling setup has been evaluated in a number of external benchmarks. <br> We have a separate [[EMD-WRF Benchmarks|EMD-WRF Benchmark Wiki-Page]] that holds links to those investigations.<br />
<br />
== Required modules/licenses ==<br />
To access the EMD-WRF South Africa mesoscale data the following licenses/modules are required in your WindPRO setup:<br />
* BASIS<br />
* METEO<br />
<br />
When the license fee for the modules aboce has been paid, you then have access to the full dataset without further cost. The price is available from the [http://www.emd.dk/windpro/price-list/data-sets/ price-list on the EMD-homepage]. Downloading of data is unrestricted for licenced users, however, a "fair use" policy applies. Unlicenced users may download three months of data from any point, however, multiple downloads are not allowed from the same point.<br />
<br />
Visit [http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/ EMD online ordering] to purchase the needed licences.<br />
<br />
== Dataset Parameters == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in the EMD-WRF South Africa dataset that are available from within WindPRO are shown in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table: Overview of EMD-WRF South Africa Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF South Africa data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <ref name="rmol">It is still being investigated whether this inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length can be used for stability clasification''.</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100 <br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<ref name="ice">CloudWater and cloudIcing values are extracted directly from the WRF meso-scale model and are normal output parameters of the same run as the other parameters (wind, temperature etc.). They are controlled by the WRF microphysics scheme for which Ferrier was used. For further information, please access the numerous internet resources about WRF use. EMD has not done any validation on the parameters, so they are provided as is.</ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing. <ref name="ice"> </ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Attribution ==<br />
If data from this dataset is used within any private or public disseminations, then EMD and its data providers must be acknowledged. <br />
<pre><br />
Source: <br />
EMD-WRF South Africa - Copyright (C) - EMD International A/S, 2019. Distribution through EMD and windPRO.<br />
This dataset uses ERA-Iterim which is being developed through the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). <br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
<references /></div>MarieCeciliePedersenhttp://help.emd.dk/mediawiki/index.php?title=EMD-WRF_South_Korea_(ERA-Interim)&diff=12873EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA-Interim)2021-02-09T11:44:57Z<p>MarieCeciliePedersen: /* Dataset Parameters */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Online Data]][[Category:Wind Data]]<br />
[[File:southkorea_cutdown.png|500px|right|thumb|Illustration of the Data Coverage of the EMD-WRF South Korea Dataset]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Introduction and Model Domain ==<br />
EMD-WRF South Korea is a high resolution mesoscale dataset modelled and provided by EMD International A/S. <br />
The dataset covers South Korea and minor parts of Japan and North Korea. The model domain for EMD-WRF South Korea is shown in the figure to the right.<br />
<br />
Please Note: <br />
* This dataset is no longer updated; last available data is august 2019. <br />
* It is replaced with the [[EMD-WRF_South_Korea_(ERA5)|EMD-WRD South Korea (ERA5) dataset]]<br />
* Access to the dataset requires an additional license (see below).<br />
<br />
== Dataset Description ==<br />
The mesoscale model is run at a spatial resolution of 0.029°x0.029°, approximately 3x3 km, and with hourly temporal resolution. ERA Interim data from ECMWF (http://www.ecmwf.int) is the global boundary data. The timespan of the data is back to 1994 and up until the latest available boundary data (see below for the Release Schedule).<br />
Data access is via WindPRO’s user friendly interface to on-line data and requires payment of an annual subscription fee.<br />
<br />
== Release Schedule == <br />
This dataset is not updated anymore, as its source data (the ERA-Interim data) is no longer available. The dataset used to recieve monthly updates, with approximately 3 months delay defined by ERA Interim's availability and computational efforts regarding EMD's high-performance computer clusters.<br />
<br />
== Usage Note: The EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA-Interim) dataset is discontinued from ultimo 2019==<br />
2020-02-20: The last month with ERA-Interim data was august 2019 as ECMWF has discontinued this dataset and has replaced it with the [[ERA5_Gaussian_Grid|ERA5 Data]]. EMD has ceased to update the EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA-Interim) dataset as the source data is no longer available. The [[EMD-WRF_South_Korea_(ERA5)|EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA5)]] dataset is already available as the natural, higher-quality successor for the "EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA-Interim)" dataset. Find more information [[EMD-WRF_South_Korea_(ERA5)|here]].<br />
<br />
== Validation ==<br />
The model-setup has been validated through various internal investigations on masts spatially distributed in the modelling area. <br>The findings (the correlations) are summarized in the datasheet available ([[Media:EMD-WRF_SouthKorea-ProductSheet.pdf|here]]).<br><br />
In addition to the internal investigations, then the EMD-WRF modelling setup has been evaluated in a number of external benchmarks. <br> We have a separate [[EMD-WRF Benchmarks|EMD-WRF Benchmark Wiki-Page]] that holds links to those investigations.<br />
<br />
== Required modules/licenses ==<br />
To access the EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA-Interim) mesoscale data the following licenses/modules are required in your WindPRO setup:<br />
* Basis<br />
* METEO<br />
* EMD-WRF South Korea (ERA5)<br />
When the license fee is paid, you then have access to the full dataset without further cost. The price is available from the [http://www.emd.dk/windpro/price-list/data-sets/ price-list on the EMD-homepage]. Downloading of data is unrestricted for licenced users, however, a "fair use" policy applies. Unlicenced users may download three months of data from any point, however, multiple downloads are not allowed from the same point.<br />
<br />
Visit [http://www.emd.dk/windpro/online-ordering/ EMD online ordering] to purchase the needed licences.<br />
<br />
== Dataset Parameters == <br />
A large quantity of useful parameters are available directly in WindPRO to aid in your analysis. <br>The different parameters in the EMD-WRF South Korea dataset that are available from within WindPRO are shown in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ align="bottom"|Table: Overview of EMD-WRF South Korea Dataset Parameters (3 km grid).<br />
!Parameter<br />
!Unit<br />
!Description<br />
!Type<br />
|-<br />
|time <br />
|<br />
|UTC time stamp<br />
|-<br />
|psfc<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at site<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|msl<br />
|Pa<br />
|Pressure at mean sea level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.x<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at different physical levels (x).<br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.0-30mb<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 0-30mb.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.0-30mb<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 0-30mb. <br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wSpeed.850hpa<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure level 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|wDir.850hpa<br />
|deg<br />
|Wind speeds at pressure levels 850hPa.<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|temperature.x<br />
|celcius<br />
|Temperatures at different heights (x)<br> Heights (x): 2m and 100m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|waterTemp<br />
|celcius<br />
|Water temperature<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|soilTemp.0-10cm<br />
|celcius<br />
|The temperature in the upper 10 cm of the soil<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|relHumidity.2<br />
|%<br />
|Relative humidity in height 2m above ground level<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|snowDepth<br />
|m<br />
|Snow depth (if present)<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|vis.s<br />
|m<br />
|Visibility at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|sensHeatFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Sensible Heat Flux at surface<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|totPrecip.s<br />
|kg/m^2<br />
|Total Precipitation at surface<br />
|1h Accumulated<br />
|-<br />
|downShortWaveFlux.s<br />
|w/m2<br />
|Downward shortwave irradiance at surface<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|totalCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Total cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|convCloudCover.a<br />
|%<br />
|Convective cloud cover in atmosphere<br />
|1h Average<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|<small>Data below this line are not shown in a default import of EMD-WRF South Korea data, but can be made available by clicking on the "+" button in the lower left corner of the import table.<small><br />
|-<br />
|4LFTX<br />
|K<br />
|N/A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rmol<br />
|1/m<br />
|Inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length <ref name="rmol">It is still being investigated whether this inverse Monin-Obukhov-Length can be used for stability clasification''.</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|znt<br />
|m<br />
|Rougnhess length<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|sqrtTKE.x<br />
|m/s<br />
|Wind speed given as standard deviation in m/s. Derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br>Results available in different physical levels. <br>Heights (x): 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 150m, 200m<br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudWater.100 <br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing.<ref name="ice">CloudWater and cloudIcing values are extracted directly from the WRF meso-scale model and are normal output parameters of the same run as the other parameters (wind, temperature etc.). They are controlled by the WRF microphysics scheme for which Ferrier was used. For further information, please access the numerous internet resources about WRF use. EMD has not done any validation on the parameters, so they are provided as is.</ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|-<br />
|cloudIce.100<br />
|mg/kg<br />
|Parameter intended for estimating probability of icing. <ref name="ice"> </ref><br />
|Instantaneous<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Attribution ==<br />
If data from this dataset is used within any private or public disseminations, then EMD and its data providers must be acknowledged. <br />
<pre><br />
Source: <br />
EMD-WRF South Korea - Copyright (C) - EMD International A/S, 2019. Distribution through EMD and windPRO.<br />
This dataset uses ERA-Iterim which is being developed through the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). <br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
<references /></div>MarieCeciliePedersen